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Date > 1000

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Title: War and the Foundation of Canada - Collision of Cultures
 
Type: Document
Description: As early as 1000 CE, encounters between Europeans and First Peoples often led to violence.
Site: Canadian War Museum
 
Title: Viking Expansion Westward
 
Type: Document
Online Reference Books
Description: The Viking attempt to settle in North America was part of a westward drive from Scandinavia that had already settled Iceland and Greenland.
Site: National Defence
 
Title: Attempts at Colonizing Vinland
 
Type: Document
Online Reference Books
Description: A Viking colony led by Karlsefni was soon abandoned after conflict with the Skraelings
Site: National Defence
 
Title: A view of a Viking settlement in America
 
Type: Image
Online Reference Books
Description: This view was conceived during the 1930s by historical artist Fergus Kyle (1876-1941). Although we now know that Viking helmets did not have horns, as shown here and in countless other images in popular art, most of the other details shown give a relatively realistic impression of what such a settlement might look like. The Vikings also could build timber houses as well as ones made of earth.
Site: National Defence
 
Title: Fragments of a Viking coat of mail (right) and iron rivets (left)
 
Type: Image
Online Reference Books
Description: These objects of Viking origin were found during excavations on Ellesmere and Baffin islands. Fragments of a coat of mail are shown on the right, and iron rivets on the left. Also to be seen are part of a bowl (top) and the arm of a scale with bronze hinges (centre). (Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau)
Site: National Defence
 
Title: The bay at l'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland
 
Type: Image
Description: L'Anse aux Meadows was the site of a Viking settlement at around the year 1,000. The area is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Parks Canada)
Site: National Defence
 
Title: The Withdrawal Of The Vikings
 
Type: Document
Online Reference Books
Description: The first armed European incursion into Canada was driven off by the native population. The Vikings felt the land, although good, was not worth a life dominated by battle and fear.
Site: National Defence
 
Title: A Norman (or Viking) warrior wielding a battle axe
 
Type: Image
Online Reference Books
Description: This Norman (or Viking) warrior wears the typical 'Norman' type helmet with its nose guard and a coat of mail. Vestiges of chain mail have been found in the Canadian Arctic. Print after Viollet-Leduc from the Bayeux tapestry.
Site: National Defence
 
Title: The Skraelings' Way of War
 
Type: Document
Online Reference Books
Description: Based on Viking accounts, the Skraelings were courageous and effective warriors. Their tactics have a lot in common with other Amerindian cultures.
Site: National Defence
 
Title: Norman (or Viking) helmet, 10th century
 
Type: Image
Online Reference Books
Description: Norman (or Viking) helmets typically had a nose guard such as the one seen here. Contrary to popular belief, Viking helmets had no horns. Print after Viollet-Leduc.
Site: National Defence
 
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